@article{ 
author = {Wiwanitkit, V and Yasri, S},  
title = {Free vaccinations and clinical history takings of the vaccine recipients: reliable or not?}, 
abstract ={Vaccination is a useful primary prevention against infectious diseases. In several countries, many infections are endemic and vaccines are usually provided free of charge by the local governments to the people. For vaccination, the assessment for the contraindication which is usually based on clinical history taking, is the primary requirement. Here, the experiences on a recent situation of free influenza vaccination is discussed. This review was based on the clinical history of 200 local patients who had attended a medical center in Bangkok, Thailand, during June 2018, asking for free influenza vaccination according to the local Thai public health policies. According to this report, it is observable that the clinical history taking is usually unreliable.},  
Keywords = {Reliable, Vaccine, Recipient.},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {1-3}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.1.1},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-121-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-121-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Afrough, P and Vosogh, M and AsadiKaram, MR and Behrouzi, A and Mardani, G and Siadat, SD},  
title = {PorA typing of Neisseria meningitidis isolates from Iranian children for vaccine design}, 
abstract ={Introduction: As the causative agent of meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis has different serogroups. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular properties of N. meningitidis strains among Iranian cases. Methods: 450 samples were collected from children under 5 years of age. Detection of Neisseria genus was done by phenotypic and genotypic methods. Multiplex PCR was used to identify the serogroups of N. meningitides. The sequencing of variable regions of porA gene was performed for detection of the subserogroups. Results: From 137 (30.44%) Neisseria isolates, 4 isolates (0.88%) belonged to N. meningitidis and 133 isolates (29.55%) belonged to other species. Multiplex PCR results showed that one isolate belonged to serogroup A while 3 belonged to serogroup B. The analysis of amplified VR1 and VR2 variable regions of porA showed 100% identity of the serogroup A strain with strain BZ83N and the serogroup B strains with strain 528 of N. meningitidis . In accordance with other findings in Asia, serogroups A and B were the most prevalent serogroups of N. meningitidis. Sequencing of variable regions of porA could identify the subserogroups of the isolates. Conclusion: sequencing of porA could be a valuable method for identification of N. meningitidis strains to be used in epidemiological studies as well as improved vaccine designs.},  
Keywords = {Neisseria meningitidis, porA, sequencing, PCR, typing.},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {4-6}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.1.4},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-124-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-124-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Marandi, V and Tabatabaeian, SH and Jafari, P and Azarnoosh, M},  
title = {Challenge-based approaches for policy-making in vaccine development and production}, 
abstract ={Presently, vaccines development and production has gained more importance due to their influence on topics such as the society's health system and economy, as well as the bio-security issues and the defense affairs. Moreover, the potential innovation capabilities in vaccine production are assumed as engines of biotechnology development which is among the emerging technologies that can support the technological development of a country. This review is based on analyses of scientific articles, literature, textbooks and reports by the international organization, as well as online databases with the subject of innovation in vaccine production, in order to identify current challenges in vaccine development and production. Not long ago, the most important challenges in this field were assumed as technical or budgetary issues. However nowadays, due to a global paradigm-shift in vaccine production which has changed from innovation aimed solely at the registration of new products toward promoting public health, other challenges in competition and commercialization have stepped in. The identified new challenges and bottlenecks could be used to form practical approaches in policy-making toward vaccine development and production. Furthermore, overcoming these challenges requires identifying the bottlenecks and proper orientation with the current world circumstances to draft a functional policy that could fulfill the national health system objectives. Here, following explaining these global challenges and approaches, the situation of vaccine industry in Iran will be briefly discussed.},  
Keywords = {Policy-making, Vaccine, Enablers and blockers, Innovation, Biotechnology.},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {7-13}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.1.7},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-125-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-125-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Kavehei, B and Habibi, M and Sari, S and AsadiKaram, MR},  
title = {Cloning and expression of PMI1945 involved in iron acquisition as a promising vaccine candidate against Proteus mirabilis}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Proteus mirabilis is one of the common pathogens of urinary tract infections. Iron scavenger receptors from P. mirabilis are considered as important virulence factors of this strain and have the properties of an ideal vaccine candidate. In this study, the frequency of P. mirabilis iron receptor 1945 (PMI1945) was evaluated in the isolates and then its expression was conducted in pET28a-BL21. Methods: Amplification of PMI1945 was performed by PCR using P. mirabilis isolates genomic DNA. Cloning of PMI1945 gene was done in pET28a-BL21 system. After transformation, the expression of the cloned gene was induced by IPTG. The expression of this protein was then evaluated by SDS-PAGE and Western blot techniques. Results: The frequency of PMI1945 gene in the isolates was 76%. The cloning of PMI1945 gene into pET28a vector was confirmed by electrophoresis, PCR, enzyme digestion and sequencing. The sequencing of the cloned gene showed 100% identity with other sequences of PMI1945 gene in GenBank. SDS-PAGE and Western blot results showed that 77 kDa PMI1945 protein was successfully expressed in BL21 (DE3) host. Conclusion: Cloning and expression of PMI1945 was done as the first step for evaluation of a novel vaccine candidate against UTIs caused by P. mirabilis.},  
Keywords = {Proteus mirabilis, Iron scavenger receptors, PMI1945, Cloning, Expression.},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {14-18}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.1.14},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-130-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-130-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rashid, S and Shahsavandi, S and Ebrahimi, MM and Soleimani, S},  
title = {Enhancement of cell-mediated immune response in chickens by combination of TIR-TLR7 with inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Live and inactivated vaccines are wildly used against Newcastle disease (ND) which is a highly contagious and acute viral infection of domestic and wild birds. A higher and prolonged immune response is required to improve the control of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of the conserved TIR domain of an immune regulatory protein TLR7 (i.e. TIR-TLR7) as a biological adjuvant in enhancing cell-mediated immunity in vaccinated chickens against the inactivated ND virus (NDV) V4 strain antigen. Methods: NDV V4 strain was propagated in chicken embryonated SPF eggs, tittered and then inactivated by formalin. The amount of 10 μg of TIR-TLR7 was mixed with the NDV antigen before intramuscular administration. Fifty SPF chickens were divided in A-E groups (n=10), consisted of negative control, TIR-TLR7, inactivated NDV antigen, TIR-TLR7/inactivated NDV antigen in prime, and the same regimen in boost platform. The blood samples were collected at week intervals up to 6 weeks post-vaccination. Humoral response was measured by detection of specific NDV antibody titer using the HI test. The cell-mediated immunity was evaluated by measuring lymphocyte proliferation in splenocytes cell culture using MTT. Results: All immunized chickens with TIR-TLR7/inactivated NDV antigen had significant (P < 0.05) cell-mediated and HI responses to NDV compared to the control groups. No statistically-significant difference was observed between the prime and boost trials. Conclusion: The results indicated that the combination of TIR-TLR7 and inactivated NDV antigen gave a strong immune response at both the humoral and the cellular levels.},  
Keywords = {Newcastle disease, inactivated vaccine, TIR-TLR7, immune response.},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {19-22}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.1.19},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-132-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-132-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sadeghi, SA and Shahanaghi, M and Aghasadeghi, MR and Motevalli, F and Amiran, MR and MohammadiPargoo, S and Hamidi-Fard, M},  
title = {Cloning and expression of hepatitis E virus ORF2 as an immunogen protein in baculovirus expression system}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. It is one of the most important causes of liver failures and the mortality rate arising from HEV is more common in pregnant women. HEV is an enterically-transmitted virus and its outbreak is more common in the developing and poor-hygiene countries while vaccination against it can prevent its prevalence. The ORF2 is an immunogenic capsid protein of HEV with 660 amino acids that is being used in vaccine designs against HEV infection. ORF2 has been studied in a vast range of vectors and hosts, such as pRSET-C, pMAL and pSG vectors, as well as Escherichia coli BL21 and vaccinia virus hosts. A DNA vaccine expressing ORF2 has also been studied which has induced specific humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. This study was aimed to clone and express ORF2 as an immunogen protein in a eukaryotic host system. Methods: orf2 gene corresponding to 660 amino acids of ORF2 protein was subcloned from a pET21avector into pFastBac. The protein expression was achieved by transforming Sf9 insect cells with a pFastBac-orf2 construct. The over-expressed protein with ~72 kDa MW was assessed by SDS-PAGE. Results: The cloning was confirmed by PCR and restriction digestions. The expression of ORF2 with expected MW in Sf9 cells was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Conclusion: ORF2 protein of HEV was successfully expressed in a baculovirus-based eukaryotic expression system as the first step for further studies on HEV vaccine designs, based on ORF2 protein.},  
Keywords = {Baculovirus, Hepatitis E virus, ORF2, Vaccine.},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {23-26}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.1.23},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-133-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-133-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Rabiei, N and AhmadiBadi, S and EttehadMarvasti, F and NejadSattari, T and Vaziri, F and Siadat, SD},  
title = {Comparison of two isolation methods for extracellular vesicles from Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are spherical structures, naturally secreted by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. EVs play a critical role in the modulation of immune responses, bioactive cargo delivery, and cell-cell communication. The conventional method of EVs preparation involves the use of detergent (ultracentrifugation method). For the first time, we used a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based method in our study to isolate EVs from prokaryotic cells, namely Faecalibacterium prausnitzii A2-165. We then compared various features of this method with those of the ultracentrifugation method. Methods: Extraction of EVs was performed via sequential deoxycholate ultracentrifugation and PEG-based methods. The physicochemical properties of the extracted EVs were compared via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), SDS-PAGE, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Results: The protein content of the extracted EVs was 1.6 and 0.5 mg/mL, based on the ultracentrifugation and PEG-based methods, respectively. According to the SDS-PAGE analysis, vesicle-associated proteins were located at 20-150 kDa. The SEM analysis showed that the extracted EVs had a diameter of 50-200 nm in both methods. The results of DLS analysis showed 4 populations of approximately 50-8000 nm in the ultracentrifugation method and approximately 100-2000 nm in the PEG-based method. The EVs extracted by the ultracentrifugation method showed higher negative charge densities in contrast to EVs extracted by the PEG-based method. Conclusion: Our result showed that PEG-based extraction is a fast, simple, and cost-effective method and EVs purity was within the acceptable range. Further studies are needed to confirm the safety and the efficacy of EVs in clinical practices, especially as vaccine delivery vehicles.},  
Keywords = {Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, isolation methods, outer membrane vesicles, vaccine vehicle.},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {27-31}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.1.27},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-135-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-135-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Parsamanesh, M},  
title = {The role of vaccination in controlling the outbreak of infectious diseases: a mathematical approach}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Infectious diseases threaten the public health; hence understanding their propagation mechanisms may help to control them. Mathematical models are tools that can help the scientists to understand the pathogens’ propagations and can provide strategies for their control in future.  Methods: Using mathematical theorems and MATLAB software, a continuous-time model known as susceptible-infected-susceptible (SIS) for transmission of infection in a population was described and the effects of a vaccination program based on this framework was investigated. Results: It was shown that the model had two equilibria: the infection-free equilibrium and the infected equilibrium. A specific threshold in terms of model parameters was obtained and then the existence of the equilibria and asymptotic stability of the system were stated with respect to this threshold. The theoretical results were also verified numerically by providing several simulations. Conclusion: The results indicated the stability of this model which emphasized that parameters such as restricting the immigration, reducing harmful contacts between the susceptible and the infected individuals, increasing awareness level of people, and most-importantly vaccination will reduce the basic reproduction number and help to control the disease. Moreover, a relation to calculate the minimum doses for vaccinating of the new-comers and the susceptible individuals, was obtained.},  
Keywords = {Dynamical system, Epidemilogical model, SIS model, Stability, Vaccine.},
volume = {5},
Number = {1}, 
pages = {32-40}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.1.32},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Mousavi-Nasab, SD and Kaghazian, H},  
title = {Rotavirus infection in Iran and current vaccines against it}, 
abstract ={},  
Keywords = {},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {41-41}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.2.41},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-140-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-140-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Wiwanitkit, S and Wiwanitkit, V},  
title = {Prediction of the rate of children prone to diphtheria infection in a Laos remote area: A reappraisal on seroepidemiology data during a major diphtheria outbreak in 2012}, 
abstract ={},  
Keywords = {},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {42-42}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.2.42},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sekhavati, M and Siadat, SD and Noofeli, M and MohebatiMobarez, A},  
title = {A streamlined method for the extraction of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Bordetella pertussis}, 
abstract ={Introduction: In spite of high vaccination coverage, whooping cough (pertussis) is still a worldwide health problem. The main reason for pertussis outbreak is waning immunity of safer acellular vaccines which have replaced the more reactogenic cellular vaccines. A new generation of pertussis vaccines that is potent and safe is desperately needed to control the disease. Previous studies have indicated that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) obtained from Bordetella pertussis have desirable characteristics which make them a good candidate for application as pertussis vaccine. They contain surface immunogens in a native structure, are self-adjuvant and are easily uptaken by the antigen presenting cells. Methods: B. pertussis Tohama strain was cultured at 35°C in Stainer-Scholte broth. The OMVs were isolated by a new sequential ultracentrifugation method. The extracted OMVs were characterized by electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE and ELISA assays. Results: The existence of pertussis toxin, filamentous haemagglutinin and a 69-kDa antigen in B. pertussis OMVs was verified using an ELISA assay. Electron microscopy showed the size of these OMV’s at 40-200 nm. The ELISA results indicated that the OMVs extracted using this protocol contain major immunogens. Conclusion: We report for the first time a simple protocol for the efficient extraction of B. pertussis OMVs. This protocol can be used in the process of making new generations of B. pertussis vaccines.},  
Keywords = {Bordetella pertussis, outer membrane vesicles, extraction, characterization, vaccine},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {43-46}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.2.43},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Sedaghat, M and Siadat, SD and MirabzadehArdakani, E and Keramati, M and Vaziri, F and Shahcheraghi, F},  
title = {Determination of bactericidal activity of serum against Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles in BALB/c mice}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Serum bactericidal assay is the gold standard index of protection against Vibrio cholerae. The outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) which are released during the bacterial growth have intrinsic immune stimulatory properties, based on their nature and composition. In this study, the induction of serum bactericidal activities in immunized BALB/c mice was determined using different vaccine regimens, using V. cholerae O1 (El Tor biotype) OMVs. Methods: A single clone of V. cholerae O1 (El Tor biotype) isolated during the 2005 outbreak in Iran, was used. A detergent-centrifugation procedure was used for OMVs production. Various vaccination regimens were inoculated into female mice via an oral route. The vaccine formulas included V. cholerae OMVs, killed whole cells of V. cholerae (WC), combination of WC-OMV and licensed cholera vaccine (Dukoral).The serum vibriocidal activity of mice sera was determined by measuring the complement-mediated lysis. Results: Electron microscopy of the purified OMVs from the isolated V. cholerae revealed the spherical-shaped vesicles of the size range 20-300 nm. In vitro reactivity of mice sera bactericidal capability against regimens of vaccination showed a significant immune response of antibody titers in comparison with negative control groups. Also, there was a significant increase in serum bactericidal titer of WC-OMV obtained from wild-type V. cholerae which had a satisfactory reactivity as Dukoral cholera vaccine. Conclusion: The results indicated that the combination of WC-OMV from the local strain is able to induce a high level of bactericidal antibody responses and it can be useful in optimization of the vaccine formula.},  
Keywords = {Cholera infection, Outer membrane vesicle, Serum bactericidal assay, V. cholerae.},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {47-51}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.2.47},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-146-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-146-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Nikbin, VS and Keramati, M and Noofeli, M and Bolourchi, N and ShamsNosrati, MS and Shahcheraghi, F},  
title = {Characterization of a predominant Bordetella pertussis strain isolated from Iranian patients}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Pathogen adaptation is considered as one of the important reasons for the emergence of pertussis (whooping cough). Antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis has been occurred over the years. It is suggested that the predominant genomic profile of B. pertussis has an enough capacity to spread among the population. The aim of this study was to characterize a predominant B. pertussis strain isolated from Iranian patients during 2008-2015 period. Methods: Based on the epidemiologic results of B. pertussis circulating strains in Iran, a strain named BPIP91 with predominant genomic and virulence pattern was selected from Biobank of Pasteur Institute of Iran. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was done and the growth rate of this strain was analyzed. The lethal (LD50) and safety dose of infection of BPIP91 was also determined via mice intranasal infection. Results: Our results showed that BPIP91 was susceptible to erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and rifampin antibiotics. The growth rate of BPIP91 was almost two-fold lower than the vaccine strain. In addition, the LD50 and infectious dose of BPIP91 strain were about 2 × 1010 and 4 × 106 colony forming units, respectively. Conclusion: In this study we obtained the growth curve, LD50 and intranasal infectious dose of a circulating strain with predominant genomic pattern in Iran. However, further examinations including determination of immunogenicity of this native strain in animal model is needed in order to evaluate its use as a vaccine strain candidate.},  
Keywords = {Bordetella pertussis, wP vaccine, Circulating strain, Growth curve, LD50.},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {52-56}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.2.52},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-147-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-147-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {EbrahimiVargoorani, M and Modarressi, MH and Motevaseli, E and Vaziri, F and Siadat, SD},  
title = {A polyethylene glycol-based method for extraction of extracellular vesicles from Lactobacillus casei as vaccine delivery vehicle}, 
abstract ={Introduction The secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been neglected in Gram-positive bacteria due to the absence of an outer membrane and the difficulties of proper visualization. Here we aimed to prove that lactobacillus casei can secrete extracellular vesicles. Methods: EVs were extracted from Lactobacillus casei, cultured in De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe broth, using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution. The characteristics of the EVs were analyzed by electron microscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and SDS-PAGE. Results: The electron microscopy showed rounded vesicles with average diameter of 300 nm. The protein content of this nanostructure was 2.5 mg/ml with a protein pattern within the range of 10-200 kDa. DLS result showed populations of approximately 300 nm while the extracted EVs had a negative zeta potential. Conclusion: A new method of producing functional molecules from probiotic bacteria was presented. Our results indicated EVs purity with acceptable conformation. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the efficacy, practicality and mechanism of action of such EVs in clinical practices, especially for development of bio-compounds and vaccine delivery vehicles.},  
Keywords = {Lactobacillus casei, extracellular vesicles, polyethylene glycol. },
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {57-62}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.2.57},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-150-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-150-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}

@article{ 
author = {Najafi-Dastanaei, A and Ajdary, S and Khaze, V and Darabi, H and Alimohammadian, MH},  
title = {Comparison of cell-mediated immunity due to Leishmania infantum promastigotes and axenic amastigotes}, 
abstract ={Introduction: Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is required to control leishmaniases. Therefore, simple tests that can evaluate the cellular immunity of the target populations can help to understand the immune status of the human subjects, their immunity to the re-infection and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the potential vaccines. Here, we compared antigens based on single clones of L. infantum promastigotes and axenic amastigotes by in vitro and in vivo tests. Methods: Using serial dilutions, L. infantum promastigotes were selected as single clones (PSC) or were grown under axenic conditions with succinate-tris to prepare amastigote-like single clones (ASC). Antigens prepared from PSC and ASC were then compared with typical Leishmania major and L. infantum amastigotes by SDS-PAGE, Western-blotting and proliferation tests as well as an in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity test on guinea pigs. Results Both PSC and ASC exhibited a distinctive ~50-kDa band could be detected by Western-blotting. The proliferation tests results indicated that both PSC and ASC could cause higher lymphocyte proliferation compared to typical L. infantum and L. major promastigotes; however the differences were not significant. Moreover, both PSC and ASC had an ability to induce comparable DTH and hence CMI. Conclusion: Similar proliferation or delayed-type hypersensitivity could be caused with antigens based on PSC, ASC or the typical promastigotes and any of these reagents could potentially be used for in vivo detection of CMI in VL epidemiological or vaccine studies.},  
Keywords = {Visceral leishmaniasis, Leishmania infantum, skin test, Leishmanin, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) test, lymphocyte proliferation assay.},
volume = {5},
Number = {2}, 
pages = {63-67}, 
publisher = {Pasteur Institute of Iran},
title_fa = {},
abstract_fa ={},
keywords_fa = {},

doi = {10.29252/vacres.5.2.63},
url = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-151-en.html},  
eprint = {http://vacres.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-151-en.pdf},  
journal = {Vaccine Research},  
issn = {2383-2819}, 
eissn = {2423-4923}, 
year = {2018}  
}